XHTML Interview Questions and Answers for 2 years experience

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XHTML Interview Questions & Answers

  1. What is XHTML? How does it differ from HTML?

    • Answer: XHTML (Extensible HyperText Markup Language) is a reformulation of HTML as an XML application. Key differences include stricter syntax requirements (e.g., all tags must be closed, attributes must be enclosed in quotes), namespace support, and adherence to XML's well-formedness rules. HTML is more lenient in its syntax, allowing for omissions that XHTML prohibits.

  2. Explain the Document Type Definition (DTD) in XHTML.

    • Answer: The DTD specifies the rules and structure for a valid XHTML document. It defines the allowed elements, attributes, and their relationships. Choosing the correct DTD (e.g., Transitional, Strict, Frameset) influences the allowed elements and features in the XHTML document.

  3. What are the different XHTML doctypes?

    • Answer: Common XHTML doctypes include XHTML 1.0 Strict, XHTML 1.0 Transitional, and XHTML 1.0 Frameset. Strict is the most restrictive, Transitional allows some presentational attributes, and Frameset supports frames.

  4. What is the significance of the `xmlns` attribute in XHTML?

    • Answer: The `xmlns` attribute (XML namespace) declares the namespace of the XHTML document, typically set to `http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml`. This helps avoid naming conflicts when combining XHTML with other XML vocabularies.

  5. Explain the importance of well-formed XHTML.

    • Answer: Well-formed XHTML means the document conforms to XML's syntax rules: all tags are properly nested, all tags are closed, attribute values are quoted, and there's a single root element. Well-formedness ensures proper parsing and rendering by XHTML processors.

  6. How do you handle comments in XHTML?

    • Answer: XHTML uses XML-style comments: `<!-- This is a comment -->`

  7. What are the common XHTML elements used for structuring content?

    • Answer: Common structural elements include `<html>`, `<head>`, `<body>`, `<div>`, `<p>`, `<h1>` to `<h6>`, `<ul>`, `<ol>`, `<li>`.

  8. Explain the difference between `<div>` and `<span>` elements.

    • Answer: `<div>` is a block-level element, meaning it starts on a new line and occupies the full width available. `<span>` is an inline element, flowing within the text without creating line breaks.

  9. How do you create links in XHTML?

    • Answer: Using the `<a>` tag with the `href` attribute specifying the URL: `<a href="http://www.example.com">Example Link</a>`

  10. How do you embed images in XHTML?

    • Answer: Using the `<img>` tag with the `src` attribute specifying the image URL and `alt` attribute providing alternative text: `<img src="image.jpg" alt="Description of image" />`

  11. How would you create a table with three rows and two columns in XHTML?

    • Answer: You would use the <table>, <tr> (table row), and <td> (table data) elements. A simple example:
    • <table> <tr> <td>Data 1</td> <td>Data 2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Data 3</td> <td>Data 4</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Data 5</td> <td>Data 6</td> </tr> </table>

  12. Explain the use of the <form> element in XHTML.

    • Answer: The <form> element is used to create an HTML form for user input. It requires an action attribute specifying the URL where the form data will be submitted and a method attribute (usually "get" or "post") indicating how the data will be sent.

  13. What are some common form input elements in XHTML?

    • Answer: Common form input elements include <input type="text">, <input type="password">, <input type="submit">, <input type="radio">, <input type="checkbox">, <textarea>, and <select>.

  14. How do you handle character entities in XHTML?

    • Answer: Character entities like & (ampersand), < (less than), > (greater than), " (quotation mark) are used to represent special characters that have special meaning in XHTML. This prevents conflicts and ensures proper rendering.

  15. What are some common XHTML validation tools?

    • Answer: The W3C Markup Validation Service is a popular tool for validating XHTML documents against a specified DTD. Many IDEs and text editors also include built-in validation features.

  16. What are the advantages of using XHTML over HTML?

    • Answer: Advantages include stricter syntax (leading to more robust and consistent documents), better compatibility with XML-based technologies, and improved accessibility due to better structure and semantic meaning. However, the transition away from XHTML to HTML5 has largely diminished these advantages in practice.

  17. What is the role of cascading style sheets (CSS) with XHTML?

    • Answer: CSS is used to separate content from presentation in XHTML, enabling a cleaner, more maintainable codebase. Styles are applied to XHTML elements using selectors, allowing for flexible and consistent styling.

  18. How do you include CSS in an XHTML document?

    • Answer: You can include CSS using a `<link>` tag in the `<head>` section (external stylesheet) or by using a `<style>` tag (internal stylesheet). Inline styles are also possible but less recommended for maintainability.

  19. How would you create a navigation menu using unordered lists in XHTML?

    • Answer: You'd create an unordered list (`<ul>`) containing list items (`<li>`) each with an anchor tag (`<a>`) for each menu item linking to its corresponding page. CSS is then used to style the menu appropriately.

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