XHTML Interview Questions and Answers for experienced

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100 XHTML Interview Questions and Answers

  1. What is XHTML? How does it differ from HTML?

    • Answer: XHTML (Extensible HyperText Markup Language) is a reformulation of HTML as a stricter XML application. Key differences include: XHTML is XML compliant, requiring well-formedness (proper nesting and closing of tags), and uses lowercase tag names. It also enforces stricter rules on attribute values (e.g., always quoting attribute values). HTML is more forgiving of errors.

  2. Explain the concept of well-formed XHTML.

    • Answer: A well-formed XHTML document adheres to all XML rules. This means every opening tag has a corresponding closing tag, tags are properly nested, attribute values are quoted, and the document has a single root element (usually `html`).

  3. What is the Document Type Definition (DTD) in XHTML?

    • Answer: The DTD specifies the rules and structure of an XHTML document. It defines the allowed elements, attributes, and their relationships. Different DTDs exist for different versions of XHTML (e.g., XHTML 1.0 Strict, Transitional, Frameset).

  4. What are the different XHTML DTDs? Explain their differences.

    • Answer: XHTML 1.0 offers three DTDs: Strict, Transitional, and Frameset. Strict is the most rigorous, allowing only elements defined in the core specifications. Transitional allows some presentational elements from HTML 4. Frameset supports frames.

  5. Explain the use of namespaces in XHTML.

    • Answer: Namespaces prevent naming conflicts when using elements from different XML vocabularies within the same XHTML document. They provide a way to uniquely identify elements.

  6. How do you create a XHTML document with a character encoding declaration?

    • Answer: Use the `` processing instruction at the beginning of the document to specify UTF-8 (or another encoding like ISO-8859-1).

  7. What are the advantages of using XHTML over HTML?

    • Answer: XHTML's stricter syntax makes it easier to validate and parse, leading to better interoperability across browsers and devices. It's also more suitable for integration with other XML technologies.

  8. What are the disadvantages of using XHTML?

    • Answer: XHTML's strictness can make authoring more difficult. Older browsers might have limited support, requiring more workarounds or fallback mechanisms.

  9. How to handle legacy browsers when using XHTML?

    • Answer: Use conditional comments or server-side detection to serve different versions of the page based on the browser capabilities.

  10. Explain the role of the `` section in an XHTML document.

    • Answer: The `` section contains meta-information about the HTML document, such as the title, character set, links to stylesheets, and scripts.

  11. Explain the difference between XHTML and XML.

    • Answer: XHTML is a *specific application* of XML, designed to represent hypertext documents. XML is a *markup language* that defines a flexible way to create custom markup languages. XHTML follows XML rules, but XML is far more general-purpose.

  12. What are some common XHTML validation errors?

    • Answer: Missing closing tags, incorrect nesting of elements, unquoted attribute values, and using disallowed characters in attribute values are common errors.

  13. How do you validate XHTML code?

    • Answer: Use online validators like the W3C Markup Validation Service to check for well-formedness and conformance to the specified DTD.

  14. How do you include CSS in XHTML?

    • Answer: Use the `` element within the `` section, specifying the `rel="stylesheet"` attribute and the `href` attribute pointing to the CSS file.

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