Full-Stack Developer Interview Questions and Answers for experienced

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100 Interview Questions for Experienced Full-Stack Developers

  1. What is the difference between REST and GraphQL APIs?

    • Answer: REST APIs use a resource-based approach with predefined endpoints, often returning more data than needed. GraphQL allows clients to request specific data, reducing over-fetching. REST typically uses HTTP methods (GET, POST, PUT, DELETE), while GraphQL uses a single POST endpoint with a query language. REST is generally simpler to implement, while GraphQL offers better performance and flexibility for complex data needs.

  2. Explain the concept of microservices architecture.

    • Answer: Microservices architecture involves breaking down a large application into smaller, independent services that communicate with each other. Each service focuses on a specific business function and can be developed, deployed, and scaled independently. This improves agility, resilience, and maintainability compared to monolithic architectures.

  3. Describe your experience with different databases (SQL and NoSQL).

    • Answer: (This answer will vary depending on the candidate's experience. A strong answer would mention specific databases like MySQL, PostgreSQL, MongoDB, Cassandra, etc., and detail their experiences using them in different projects, highlighting the strengths and weaknesses of each for particular use cases. For example: "I have extensive experience with relational databases like PostgreSQL and MySQL, using them for projects requiring ACID properties and complex joins. I've also worked with NoSQL databases like MongoDB for handling large volumes of unstructured data and achieving high scalability.")

  4. How do you handle database transactions?

    • Answer: Database transactions are crucial for maintaining data integrity. I ensure atomicity, consistency, isolation, and durability (ACID properties) using transaction management features provided by the database system. This typically involves using `BEGIN TRANSACTION`, `COMMIT`, and `ROLLBACK` commands (or equivalent) to manage the transaction scope. In distributed systems, I might utilize two-phase commit or other distributed transaction protocols.

  5. Explain the importance of version control (e.g., Git).

    • Answer: Version control is essential for collaborative software development. Git allows for tracking changes to code, branching for parallel development, merging code from different branches, and reverting to previous versions if needed. It simplifies collaboration, facilitates code reviews, and provides a history of the project's evolution, making it much easier to manage and maintain the codebase.

  6. Describe your experience with different front-end frameworks (e.g., React, Angular, Vue.js).

    • Answer: (This answer will vary depending on the candidate's experience. A strong answer will detail specific experiences with chosen frameworks, including project examples and mention of component-based architecture, state management, and routing within those frameworks. For example: "I have significant experience with React, utilizing its component-based architecture and virtual DOM for building highly responsive and maintainable user interfaces. I've used Redux for state management in larger projects and have experience with React Router for handling client-side routing.")

  7. Explain the concept of asynchronous programming.

    • Answer: Asynchronous programming allows multiple tasks to run concurrently without blocking each other. This improves responsiveness and efficiency, especially when dealing with I/O-bound operations like network requests or database queries. Techniques like callbacks, promises, and async/await are commonly used to handle asynchronous operations.

  8. How do you handle errors and exceptions in your code?

    • Answer: Robust error handling is critical. I use try-catch blocks (or equivalent mechanisms in other languages) to catch exceptions, log errors for debugging purposes, and handle them gracefully to prevent application crashes. I also implement input validation to prevent errors from occurring in the first place and use appropriate logging levels to provide useful information during debugging and monitoring.

  9. What are some common design patterns you've used?

    • Answer: (This answer will vary depending on the candidate's experience. A strong answer will mention several design patterns like MVC, Singleton, Factory, Observer, Decorator, and explain how they have applied them in their projects. For example: "I frequently use the MVC pattern for structuring web applications, separating concerns into models, views, and controllers. I've also used the Singleton pattern for managing database connections and the Factory pattern for creating objects dynamically based on configuration.")

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