XHTML Interview Questions and Answers for 10 years experience

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100 XHTML Interview Questions and Answers

  1. What is XHTML? How does it differ from HTML?

    • Answer: XHTML (Extensible HyperText Markup Language) is a reformulation of HTML as an XML application. Key differences include stricter syntax requirements (e.g., all tags must be closed, attributes must be quoted), and adherence to XML's well-formedness rules. This results in more robust and valid markup, improving interoperability and facilitating data processing by applications.

  2. Explain the different versions of XHTML (e.g., XHTML 1.0 Strict, Transitional, Frameset).

    • Answer: XHTML 1.0 has three Document Type Definitions (DTDs): Strict, Transitional, and Frameset. Strict is the most restrictive, allowing only elements defined in the core XHTML specifications. Transitional allows some presentational elements from HTML 4.01. Frameset allows the use of frames. Choosing the right DTD depends on the project's needs, with Strict generally preferred for its clean separation of content and presentation.

  3. What are the advantages of using XHTML over HTML?

    • Answer: XHTML's stricter syntax leads to more valid and consistent markup, making it easier to parse and process by browsers, validating tools, and other applications. This improves interoperability, accessibility (screen readers), and searchability (search engines).

  4. Explain the concept of well-formedness in XHTML.

    • Answer: Well-formedness refers to the adherence to XML's grammatical rules. In XHTML, it means all tags must be properly nested, all tags must be closed, attribute values must be quoted, and the document must have a single root element.

  5. How do you validate XHTML code?

    • Answer: Use online validators like the W3C Markup Validation Service. These tools check for well-formedness and compliance with the chosen DTD, identifying errors and providing suggestions for correction.

  6. Explain the importance of DOCTYPE declarations in XHTML.

    • Answer: The DOCTYPE declaration informs the browser which version of XHTML the document conforms to (e.g., XHTML 1.0 Strict), enabling the browser to render the page correctly according to the specified standards.

  7. What are some common XHTML elements and their uses? (Give at least 5 examples)

    • Answer: <p> (paragraph), <h1> to <h6> (headings), <a> (anchor/link), <img> (image), <div> (division/container), <span> (inline container), <ul> (unordered list), <ol> (ordered list), <table> (table).

  8. How do you create internal and external stylesheets in XHTML?

    • Answer: Internal styles are embedded within the <head> section using <style> tags. External styles are linked using the <link> tag in the <head>, pointing to a separate CSS file.

  9. Explain the difference between block-level and inline elements in XHTML.

    • Answer: Block-level elements (e.g., <p>, <div>) always start on a new line and take up the full width available. Inline elements (e.g., <span>, <a>, <img>) only take up as much width as necessary and flow within the line.

  10. How would you handle form submissions using XHTML and server-side scripting?

    • Answer: Use the <form> element with the appropriate action attribute specifying the server-side script URL and the method attribute (GET or POST). Server-side scripting languages (PHP, Python, etc.) process the submitted data.

  11. Describe how to implement accessibility features in XHTML.

    • Answer: Use semantic markup (headings, lists, etc.), alternative text for images (alt attribute), proper use of ARIA attributes for interactive elements, clear and concise text, and sufficient color contrast.

  12. Explain the role of character encoding in XHTML documents.

    • Answer: Character encoding specifies how characters are represented in bytes. Using a proper encoding (e.g., UTF-8) ensures that characters are displayed correctly across different systems and prevents character encoding errors.

  13. How do you handle XHTML and JavaScript interaction?

    • Answer: JavaScript can be included using <script> tags, manipulating the DOM (Document Object Model) of the XHTML document. Events can be handled to respond to user interactions.

  14. What are some common XHTML validation errors and how do you resolve them?

    • Answer: Common errors include missing closing tags, unquoted attributes, improperly nested elements, and incorrect DOCTYPE declarations. Validation tools identify these issues, and solutions involve correcting the syntax according to XHTML rules.

  15. Explain the use of namespaces in XHTML.

    • Answer: Namespaces prevent naming conflicts when combining different XML vocabularies within an XHTML document, allowing for cleaner and more organized markup.

  16. How would you improve the performance of an XHTML website?

    • Answer: Optimize images, minify CSS and JavaScript, leverage browser caching, use a content delivery network (CDN), and ensure efficient server-side processing.

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