Python Interview Questions and Answers for experienced

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100 Python Interview Questions and Answers

  1. What is the difference between a list and a tuple in Python?

    • Answer: Lists are mutable (changeable), while tuples are immutable (unchangeable). Lists are defined using square brackets `[]`, while tuples are defined using parentheses `()`. Lists are generally more flexible, but tuples offer slightly better performance and are suitable for representing fixed collections of items.

  2. Explain the concept of decorators in Python.

    • Answer: Decorators are a powerful and expressive feature in Python that allows you to modify or enhance functions and methods in a clean and readable way. They use the `@` symbol followed by the decorator function name, and essentially wrap another function, adding functionality before or after its execution without modifying the original function's code directly. This promotes code reusability and readability.

  3. What are generators in Python and how are they useful?

    • Answer: Generators are a special type of iterator that produces values on demand, rather than generating an entire sequence at once. This is particularly useful for processing large datasets or infinite sequences, as it avoids memory issues. They are defined using functions with the `yield` keyword instead of `return`.

  4. How do you handle exceptions in Python?

    • Answer: Python uses `try...except` blocks to handle exceptions. The `try` block contains the code that might raise an exception, and the `except` block specifies how to handle the exception if it occurs. `finally` blocks can be used to execute cleanup code regardless of whether an exception occurred. Specific exception types can be caught, or a general `except Exception` can catch any exception.

  5. What are different ways to create a thread in Python?

    • Answer: You can create threads in Python using the `threading` module. The primary methods are by creating a class that inherits from `threading.Thread` and overriding the `run()` method, or by using the `threading.Thread` constructor and passing a target function.

  6. Explain the concept of polymorphism in Python.

    • Answer: Polymorphism allows objects of different classes to be treated as objects of a common type. This is often implemented through inheritance and method overriding, where subclasses provide specific implementations for methods defined in the parent class. Python supports polymorphism naturally through duck typing.

  7. What is the Global Interpreter Lock (GIL) in Python and its implications?

    • Answer: The GIL is a mechanism in CPython (the standard Python implementation) that allows only one native thread to hold control of the Python interpreter at any one time. This limits true parallelism for CPU-bound tasks, although it can still improve performance for I/O-bound tasks. To overcome GIL limitations for CPU-bound tasks, consider using multiprocessing.

  8. How do you create and use a class in Python?

    • Answer: Classes are defined using the `class` keyword, followed by the class name and a colon. They can contain attributes (data) and methods (functions). Objects are created by instantiating the class using the class name followed by parentheses.

  9. What are lambda functions in Python?

    • Answer: Lambda functions are small, anonymous functions defined using the `lambda` keyword. They are often used for short, simple operations that don't require a full function definition.

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