environmental law professor Interview Questions and Answers

1. What are the key differences between environmental law in the US and the EU?

   • Answer: The US system is more fragmented, relying on a mix of federal and state legislation, with a stronger emphasis on litigation and judicial review. The EU employs a more centralized, harmonized approach through directives and regulations, emphasizing administrative enforcement. The US leans towards a more cost-benefit analysis, while the EU often prioritizes precautionary principles, especially concerning human health and environmental protection. Enforcement mechanisms also differ, with the EU having stronger supranational bodies.

2. Explain the concept of "environmental justice."

   • Answer: Environmental justice is the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color, national origin, or income with respect to the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies. It addresses the disproportionate impact of environmental hazards on marginalized communities.

3. Describe the role of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in the US.

   • Answer: The EPA is the primary federal agency responsible for protecting human health and the environment. Its responsibilities include setting and enforcing environmental standards, conducting environmental research, educating the public, and working with other federal, state, and local agencies.

4. What is the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)?

   • Answer: NEPA is a US environmental law that requires federal agencies to assess the environmental impacts of their proposed actions before making decisions. This is typically done through the preparation of an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS).

5. Explain the Clean Air Act and its major provisions.

   • Answer: The Clean Air Act is a US law that sets limits on air pollutants and requires the EPA to set National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for criteria pollutants. It also regulates emissions from stationary and mobile sources through permits and technology-based standards.

6. Discuss the Clean Water Act and its limitations.

   • Answer: The Clean Water Act regulates the discharge of pollutants into US waters. Limitations include the definition of "waters of the United States," which has been a source of ongoing legal disputes, and challenges in addressing non-point source pollution.

7. What is the Endangered Species Act (ESA) and how does it work?

   • Answer: The ESA protects endangered and threatened species and their habitats. It designates critical habitats and prohibits actions that could jeopardize listed species. Enforcement involves federal agencies and citizen lawsuits.

8. Explain the concept of "sustainable development."

   • Answer: Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It balances economic growth, social equity, and environmental protection.

9. Discuss the role of international environmental agreements in addressing global environmental problems.

   • Answer: International agreements like the Paris Agreement on climate change and the Montreal Protocol on ozone depletion provide a framework for international cooperation, setting targets and promoting technological innovation to address transboundary environmental issues. However, their effectiveness depends on national implementation and enforcement.

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