Crystal Interview Questions and Answers for internship

1. What is Crystal?

   • Answer: Crystal is a statically-typed, compiled programming language that combines the speed of C with the developer friendliness of Ruby. It aims to be a fast, safe, and productive language suitable for various applications.

2. What are the key features of Crystal?

   • Answer: Key features include static typing (for safety and performance), compilation to native code (for speed), garbage collection (for memory management), macros (for metaprogramming), and a syntax inspired by Ruby (for readability and ease of use).

3. How does Crystal's type system differ from other statically-typed languages like Java or C++?

   • Answer: Crystal's type system is more flexible and type inference is more advanced than in many other languages. It uses duck typing in a way that's compatible with static typing, allowing for more concise and expressive code while still maintaining safety.

4. Explain Crystal's memory management.

   • Answer: Crystal uses a garbage collector for automatic memory management. This simplifies development by relieving developers from manual memory allocation and deallocation, reducing memory leaks and dangling pointers.

5. What is the role of macros in Crystal?

   • Answer: Macros in Crystal allow for code generation at compile time. This is powerful for creating DSLs (Domain-Specific Languages), generating boilerplate code, and improving code expressiveness.

6. How does Crystal handle concurrency?

   • Answer: Crystal offers support for concurrency through fibers, which are lightweight threads managed by the runtime. This allows for efficient handling of concurrent tasks without the overhead of traditional threads.

7. Describe your experience with any other programming languages. How does Crystal compare?

   • Answer: (This answer will vary depending on the candidate's experience. A good answer would highlight similarities and differences, focusing on aspects like type systems, memory management, and concurrency models.)

8. What are some common use cases for Crystal?

   • Answer: Crystal is suitable for building web applications, command-line tools, embedded systems, and other applications where performance and developer productivity are important.

9. What are some of the limitations or challenges of using Crystal?

   • Answer: While Crystal is improving rapidly, it still has a smaller community and ecosystem compared to more established languages. The tooling and libraries might not be as mature as in some other languages. Some advanced features might still be under development.

10. How do you handle errors in Crystal?

    • Answer: Crystal uses exceptions for handling errors. It also has built-in mechanisms for handling nil values and other potential sources of errors.

11. Explain the difference between `struct` and `class` in Crystal.

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12. How do you define and use enums in Crystal?

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13. What is the purpose of the `shard` system in Crystal?

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14. Describe your experience working with Crystal's standard library.

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15. How do you perform asynchronous operations in Crystal?

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16. Explain the concept of generics in Crystal.

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17. How would you debug a Crystal program?

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18. What are some popular Crystal frameworks for web development?

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19. Describe your experience with version control systems like Git.

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