cellular biologist Interview Questions and Answers

1. What are the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

   • Answer: Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, are generally smaller and simpler, and have a single circular chromosome. Eukaryotic cells possess a nucleus, multiple membrane-bound organelles (e.g., mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum), are larger and more complex, and have multiple linear chromosomes.

2. Explain the process of DNA replication.

   • Answer: DNA replication is the process of creating two identical copies of a DNA molecule. It begins with the unwinding of the double helix by enzymes like helicase. DNA polymerase then adds nucleotides to the 3' end of each template strand, following the base-pairing rules (A with T, G with C). Leading and lagging strands are synthesized differently due to the 5' to 3' directionality of DNA polymerase. The process involves multiple enzymes and proteins to ensure accuracy and fidelity.

3. Describe the structure and function of the cell membrane.

   • Answer: The cell membrane is a fluid mosaic of phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins. The phospholipid bilayer forms a selectively permeable barrier, regulating the passage of substances into and out of the cell. Proteins embedded within the membrane facilitate transport, cell signaling, and cell adhesion.

4. What is the role of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

   • Answer: The ER is a network of membranes involved in protein synthesis and lipid metabolism. The rough ER, studded with ribosomes, synthesizes proteins destined for secretion or membrane insertion. The smooth ER synthesizes lipids, metabolizes carbohydrates, and detoxifies drugs.

5. Explain the process of transcription and translation.

   • Answer: Transcription is the synthesis of RNA from a DNA template. RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region of a gene and synthesizes a complementary RNA molecule. Translation is the synthesis of a polypeptide chain from an mRNA template. Ribosomes read the mRNA codons and recruit tRNA molecules carrying specific amino acids to build the polypeptide chain.

6. What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

   • Answer: The Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or delivery to other organelles. It adds carbohydrates to proteins, modifies existing ones, and sorts molecules into vesicles for transport.

7. Describe the structure and function of mitochondria.

   • Answer: Mitochondria are double-membrane-bound organelles responsible for cellular respiration, the process of generating ATP (energy) from glucose. The inner membrane folds into cristae, increasing surface area for electron transport chain activity.

8. What are lysosomes and what is their function?

   • Answer: Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles containing hydrolytic enzymes that break down cellular waste, debris, and pathogens. They maintain cellular homeostasis by recycling cellular components.

9. Explain the process of cellular respiration.

   • Answer: Cellular respiration is the process of converting glucose into ATP. It involves glycolysis (in the cytoplasm), the Krebs cycle (in the mitochondrial matrix), and the electron transport chain (in the inner mitochondrial membrane). Oxygen is the final electron acceptor, producing water and a large amount of ATP.

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