bladder tier Interview Questions and Answers

1. What is the function of the bladder?

   • Answer: The bladder's primary function is to store urine produced by the kidneys until it is eliminated from the body through urination (micturition).

2. Describe the anatomy of the bladder.

   • Answer: The bladder is a hollow, muscular organ located in the pelvis. It has a dome-shaped superior surface and an inferior surface that rests on the pelvic floor. Its walls are composed of smooth muscle (detrusor muscle), lined with transitional epithelium, and surrounded by connective tissue. The bladder also has a trigone, a triangular area formed by the ureteral openings and the internal urethral orifice.

3. Explain the process of micturition.

   • Answer: Micturition is the process of urination. It involves the coordinated relaxation of the internal urethral sphincter (involuntary) and external urethral sphincter (voluntary) muscles, along with contraction of the detrusor muscle, which expels urine from the bladder.

4. What is urinary incontinence?

   • Answer: Urinary incontinence is the involuntary leakage of urine. There are several types, including stress incontinence (due to increased abdominal pressure), urge incontinence (overactive bladder), overflow incontinence (bladder doesn't empty completely), functional incontinence (physical or cognitive impairments), and mixed incontinence (combination of types).

5. What are some common causes of urinary tract infections (UTIs)?

   • Answer: UTIs are often caused by bacteria, usually *E. coli*, ascending from the urethra to the bladder. Risk factors include poor hygiene, sexual activity, urinary retention, and anatomical abnormalities.

6. Explain the role of the detrusor muscle in bladder function.

   • Answer: The detrusor muscle is responsible for contracting to expel urine from the bladder during micturition. Its smooth muscle fibers are arranged in a complex network allowing for coordinated emptying.

7. What is a neurogenic bladder?

   • Answer: A neurogenic bladder is a bladder dysfunction caused by damage to the nerves that control the bladder. This damage can result from spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, stroke, or other neurological conditions.

8. What are the symptoms of a bladder infection?

   • Answer: Symptoms of a bladder infection (cystitis) can include frequent urination, painful urination (dysuria), urgency, cloudy or bloody urine, and pelvic pain.

9. How is a UTI diagnosed?

   • Answer: UTIs are diagnosed through urinalysis (checking for bacteria, white blood cells, and nitrates) and urine culture (identifying the specific bacteria and its antibiotic susceptibility).

10. What are some treatments for UTIs?

    • Answer: Treatment typically involves antibiotics tailored to the specific bacteria identified in the urine culture. Increased fluid intake and avoiding irritating substances may also be recommended.

11. What is interstitial cystitis (IC)?

    • Answer: Interstitial cystitis (IC), also known as painful bladder syndrome (PBS), is a chronic condition characterized by bladder pain and pressure, often accompanied by urinary frequency and urgency.

12. How is bladder cancer diagnosed?

    • Answer: Bladder cancer is diagnosed through cystoscopy (visual examination of the bladder), biopsy (tissue sample), and imaging tests such as CT scans or ultrasounds.

13. What are the risk factors for bladder cancer?

    • Answer: Risk factors include smoking, exposure to certain chemicals, age, and family history of bladder cancer.

14. What is overactive bladder (OAB)?

    • Answer: Overactive bladder (OAB) is a condition characterized by urinary urgency, often accompanied by frequency and nocturia (frequent nighttime urination), with or without urge incontinence.

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