attending urologist Interview Questions and Answers

1. What are the common symptoms of a urinary tract infection (UTI)?

   • Answer: Common symptoms include frequent urination, a burning sensation during urination, cloudy or foul-smelling urine, pelvic pain, and sometimes fever and chills. In men, symptoms may also include pain during ejaculation.

2. Explain the difference between benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer.

   • Answer: BPH is a non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate gland, causing urinary symptoms like frequent urination, weak stream, and hesitancy. Prostate cancer is a malignant growth within the prostate gland, which may or may not cause urinary symptoms initially. Diagnosis requires biopsy and PSA testing, which are distinct from the diagnostic approach to BPH.

3. Describe the different treatment options for kidney stones.

   • Answer: Treatment depends on the size and location of the stone, as well as the patient's symptoms. Options include increased fluid intake, pain management (analgesics), lithotripsy (shockwave therapy), ureteroscopy (removal through a scope), and percutaneous nephrolithotomy (surgical removal through a small incision in the back).

4. What are the risk factors for bladder cancer?

   • Answer: Risk factors include smoking, exposure to certain chemicals (e.g., aromatic amines), a family history of bladder cancer, prior radiation therapy to the pelvis, and chronic bladder irritation (e.g., from schistosomiasis).

5. How is erectile dysfunction (ED) diagnosed?

   • Answer: Diagnosis involves a thorough medical history, physical exam (including neurological exam), and potentially blood tests (e.g., testosterone levels) and/or a sleep study to rule out other causes. Psychological factors are also assessed.

6. What are the treatment options for ED?

   • Answer: Treatment options include lifestyle changes (e.g., weight loss, exercise), oral medications (e.g., phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors), injections into the penis, vacuum erection devices, and penile implants.

7. Explain the difference between stress, urge, and mixed incontinence.

   • Answer: Stress incontinence is leakage with increased abdominal pressure (e.g., coughing, sneezing). Urge incontinence is a sudden, strong urge to urinate followed by involuntary leakage. Mixed incontinence is a combination of stress and urge incontinence.

8. What are the common causes of urinary incontinence?

   • Answer: Common causes include weakening of the pelvic floor muscles (e.g., after childbirth), neurological disorders, overactive bladder, prostate problems, and certain medications.

9. Describe the different types of urinary incontinence treatments.

   • Answer: Treatments include pelvic floor muscle exercises (Kegels), bladder training, medication (e.g., anticholinergics), surgery (e.g., sling procedures), and devices (e.g., pessaries).

10. What is the role of PSA testing in prostate cancer screening?

    • Answer: PSA (prostate-specific antigen) testing measures the level of PSA in the blood. Elevated levels can suggest prostate cancer, but PSA can also be elevated due to BPH or prostatitis. Therefore, PSA testing is often used in conjunction with a digital rectal exam (DRE) and may require further investigation (biopsy) to confirm diagnosis. The value of routine PSA screening is debated.

11. What are the symptoms of testicular cancer?

    • Answer: Symptoms can include a painless lump or swelling in the testicle, heaviness in the scrotum, pain or discomfort in the scrotum or testicle, enlargement of the testicle, and a feeling of fullness in the scrotum.

12. How is testicular cancer diagnosed?

    • Answer: Diagnosis involves a physical examination of the testicles, ultrasound of the scrotum, and possibly a blood test to measure tumor markers (e.g., alpha-fetoprotein and beta-human chorionic gonadotropin). A biopsy is usually required to confirm the diagnosis.

13. What are the treatment options for testicular cancer?

    • Answer: Treatment depends on the type and stage of cancer. Options include surgery (orchiectomy), chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and possibly stem cell transplantation.

14. What is hypospadias?

    • Answer: Hypospadias is a birth defect in which the opening of the urethra is on the underside of the penis, instead of at the tip.

15. How is hypospadias treated?

    • Answer: Hypospadias is usually treated with surgery to reposition the urethral opening.

16. What is epispadias?

    • Answer: Epispadias is a birth defect in which the opening of the urethra is on the top of the penis.

17. How is epispadias treated?

    • Answer: Epispadias is treated surgically to correct the urethral opening and any associated bladder abnormalities.

18. What is phimosis?

    • Answer: Phimosis is the tightening of the foreskin making it difficult or impossible to retract it over the glans penis.

19. How is phimosis treated?

    • Answer: Treatment may involve topical steroids to stretch the foreskin or circumcision.

20. What is paraphimosis?

    • Answer: Paraphimosis is a condition in which a retracted foreskin cannot be pulled back over the glans penis.

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